Advanced Measurement Platform MP-1

All of the transient methods share similar theory, with differences that are specific to their primary design. The basic theory is that the sensor is electrically connected to a power supply and sensing circuit. A current passes through the sensor and creates an increase in temperature, which is recorded over time. The heat generated is then diffused into the sample at a rate dependent on the thermal transport characteristics of the material.

 

TPS Vertical Strip Sensors

New proprietary sensor (TPS Vertical Strip) design is a near perfect circle, which better follows the ideal TPS theory. When testing with small sensor radii, this improved design reduces required corrections, while decreasing measurement uncertainty. When comparing the Corrected Radius between small diameter TPS sensors, the TPS Vertical Strip (2 mm, 1.30%) requires less correction when compared to TPS Double Spiral (2 mm, 5.75%) of the same radius. As the TPS sensor radius increases, this advantage is reduced.

 

* Based on testing module used.
** For temperature, external control required.

Thermtest offers a growing selection of testing modules which are grouped based on their testing theory.

3-Dimensional

 

 

1-Dimensional

 

General

 

 

As materials are unique, the reliance on reference information to predict thermal conductivity or its relationship with temperature, can lead to the use of inaccurate data. Using NIST’s “Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials” reference for aluminum and quartz, we can see that there is a wide variance in thermal conductivity vs. temperature. Due to the dramatic variance in global material sources, it is critically important to fully characterize materials for thermophysical properties. Optional temperature capability can be added to the MP-1, allowing for full temperature characterization.

Citation: Powell, R.W., Ho, C.Y., and Liley, P.E. (1996). Thermal Conductivity of Selected Materials. Washington, U.S.: Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.. Govt. Printing Office. pp. 17, 99.

Designed from the ground up, the MP-1 Data Acquisition Software (DAQ) smartly controls all aspects of testing and scheduling. Testing methods and experimental parameters may be selected for automated scheduling.

A unique feature for the MP-1 is the integration of a four channel switch which is designed to allow automation of multiple devices and sensors to be controlled at the same time, greatly increasing testing capacity.

Methods and Parameters

Methods and testing modules can be selected and parameters optimized for solids, liquids, pastes, and powders.

Scheduling

Any combination of methods, devices and sensors can be scheduled to operate at a variety of conditions, such as temperature range.

Switch

Integrated into each MP-1, the four port switch enables use of a number of optional devices, temperature platforms and sensors to maximize convenience and capacity.

Creating a better user experience, the Analysis Software (AS) was designed to operate independent of the DAQ. A wide range of analysis operations can be conveniently accomplished. Testing data is grouped together based on method used, making corresponding calculations easy to apply.

In addition to summary of results, variations in applied corrections are stored for easy comparison and exporting.

TPS theory states that the non-linear section of temperature rise vs time, known as contact resistance has to be removed, so the intrinsic thermophysical calculations are based on the linear region of transient. This can be done manually by iteratively removing start points till best fit is achieved. Although this is a suitable approach, it does take an experienced user to reduce errors and achieve required repeatability.

The contact resistance between the sensor and sample is dependent on the quality of the sample surface. When manually removing the contact resistance a small number of points (step 1) is removed and newly calculated for best fit analysis. If the resulting residual mean deviation can be improved, more points (step 2) can be removed and calculation steps repeated.

Raw Data

Calculation Data

 

Residual Data

 

Alternatively, using our proprietary Contact Analysis (CA), the MP-1 is able to calculate the contact resistance (m²K/W) between sensor and sample, automatically removing the corresponding start time. In addition to better understanding the effects of surface finish on your measurements, this greatly simplifies the analysis for the intrinsic thermophysical properties.

Demonstrating the application of the contact analysis measurement, four samples of stainless steel 316 with different surfaces were measured for thermophysical properties. As the MP-1 is able to measure contact resistance, selection of the calculation window is greatly simplified, maximizing repeatability of the intrinsic properties of the sample as the surface roughness increases, the measured contact resistance also increases.

Combining the special measurement features of the transient plane source (MP-1 TPS) method, the TPS Battery Package is designed to accurately measure the directional (Anisotropic) thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat of cylinder and pouch type batteries. The TPS Battery Package includes the required testing modules; Specific Heat Module, 1-Dimensional and Anisotropic.

Battery Types

 

Cylindrical Type

 

Prismatic - Pouch Type

Cylindrical Batteries

Cylinder type batteries consist of sheets of anodes, separators and cathodes that are rolled into a cylinder shape and packed into a can. The round shape maximizes strength and stability, making it one of the most popular batteries manufactured.

Specific Heat Module - Batteries

Specific Heat Capacity is measured with TPS Specific Heat Module with Cp Cell designed for cylinder shapes. First a reference measurement is done on empty Cp cell, followed by measurement with inserted battery. Results are measured in Heat Capacity (J/K), Specific Heat (kJ/kg-K) and Volumetric Specific Heat (MJ/m³K).

Included with the Specific Module for batteries is one standard cylinder Cp Cell, TPS Sensor and Battery Insulation Block. Custom Cp Cells can also be developed for a wide range of battery sizes.

 

 

 

Empty Cp Cell Reference Setup

 

 

 

Cylinder (Type 21700) Battery Cp Cell Sample Setup

1 – Dimensional Module – Batteries

The Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity are measured along the height of a cylinder with the 1-Dimensional (1-D) Module. 

TPS Sensor of similar diameter is set-up in single-sided (asymmetric) configuration. Using the Battery Insulation Block, the battery is insulated to guard against lateral heat loss.

Included with the 1-D Module for batteries is one TPS Sensor and Battery Insulation Block. Custom TPS diameter can also be developed for a wide range of battery sizes.

 

 

1-D Setup for Cylinder (Type 21700) Battery

 

 

1-D Setup using the Battery Block Insulation

Anisotropic Module – Batteries

The Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Conductivity are measured along the axial and radial directions. 

TPS sensor is set-up in single-sided (asymmetric) configuration. The Battery Insulation Block provides known backing insulation for single-sided (asymmetric) configuration.

 

 

 

 

Anisotropic Set-up for Cylinder (Type 21700) Battery with Battery Insulation Block

MP-1 TPS Package for Cylinder Batteries

Cylinder Batteries Diameter (mm)

TPS Modules

Sensors

Temperature Range (°C)*

10 to 60

Specific Heat, 1-Dimensional, Anisotropic

Cylinder Cp Cell, TPS Sensor

-75 to 90

*can be expanded 300 °C if required

Prismatic - Pouch Batteries

Prismatic batteries consist of sheets of anodes, separators and cathodes that are rolled into a cylinder shape and packed into a cubic form. Pouch batteries have similar construction sealed in a lightweight foil

Specific Heat Module - Prismatic - Pouch Batteries

Specific Heat Capacity is measured with TPS Specific Heat Module with Cp Cell designed for Prismatic - Pouch shapes. First a reference measurement is done on empty Cp cell, followed by measurement with inserted battery. Results are measured in Heat Capacity (J/K), Specific Heat (kJ/kg-K) and Volumetric Specific Heat (MJ/m³K).

Included with the Specific Module for batteries is one standard Prismatic - Pouch Cp Cell, TPS Sensor. Custom Cp Cells can also be developed for a wide range of battery sizes.

 

 

Empty Cp Cell Reference Setup

 

 

Pouch Battery Cp Cell Sample Setup

1 – Dimensional Module – Prismatic - Pouch Batteries

The Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity are measured along the height of a Prismatic - Pouch shapes with the 1-Dimensional (1-D) Module. 

TPS Sensor of similar dimensions is set-up in single-sided (asymmetric) configuration.

Included with the 1-D Module for batteries is one TPS Sensor. Custom TPS diameter can also be developed for a wide range of battery sizes (up to 250 x 250 mm).

Anisotropic Module – Prismatic - Pouch Batteries

The Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Conductivity are measured along the axial and radial directions. 

TPS sensor can be set-up in one of a few different configurations:

 

 

 

Single-sided (Asymmetric)

TPS sensor is sandwiched between prismatic – pouch battery and known insulation backing.

 

 

 

Two-Sided (Symmetric)

TPS sensor is sandwiched between two pieces of the same prismatic – pouch battery.

 

Integrated (Pouch Only)

Graphic demonstrating the TPS sensor which is internally sandwiched – sealed between similar layers inside the Pouch Battery.

MP-1 TPS Package for Prismatic - Pouch Batteries

*can be expanded 300 °C if required

THW-RT Sensor (10 to 40 °C)

THW Sensor for liquids, pastes and small particle powders in composite for measurements at ambient pressure.

THW-L200 Sensor (-50 to 200 °C) up to 20 bar

THW Sensor for liquids, pastes and small particle powders is stainless steel construction with sealed liquid cell for use of back pressure to test past boiling points.

THW-L300 Sensor (-50 to 300 °C) up to 35 bar

High-Temperature THW Sensor for liquids, pastes and small particle powders is stainless steel construction with sealed liquid cell for use of back pressure to test past boiling points.

THW-LT Sensor (-160 to 200 °C) up to 35 bar

Low-Temperature THW Sensor for liquids, pastes, and small particle powders at cryogenic conditions.

Paste and PCM Cell

Special Phase Change Materials (PCM) with easy to load access. Unique spring design allows sample expansion and contraction while ensuring sample is in constant contact with THW wire during measurement.

Ambient Density Powder Cell

The THW Ambient Density Powder Cell is suitable for basic powder sample testing at ambient pressure.

Observation Cell

THW observation sample cell is used for liquids, powder, and paste testing. The cell has convenient glass ports for observing what is happening with the sample. Typical applications are phase separation, boiling or particle settling.

Variable Density Powder Cell

THW test cell with screw-type compression system for varying the density of powder samples can also be used to ensure powders stay in contact with THW wire.

Demonstrating the accuracy of the transient hot wire method, below are thermophysical measurements of water and ethylene glycol. Low back pressure can be applied, to allow testing past boiling points.

WATER

Thermal Conductivity

 

Thermal Diffusivity

 

Volumetric Specific Heat

 

ETHYLENE GLYCOL

Thermal Conductivity

 

Thermal Diffusivity

 

Volumetric Specific Heat

 

Citation: International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, “Release on the IAPWS Formulation 2011 for the Thermal Conductivity of Ordinary Water Substance,” Sept. 2011, Plzen, Czech Republic. https://www.iapws.org/relguide/ThCond.html

Testing of phase change materials is possible with the use of the optional PCM cell. The unique spring design ensures the sample stays in contact with the sensing wire through phase changes. Isopropanol was measured for thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat from 20 °C to -110 °C . The sharp “anomalous” thermal conductivity rise during the phase transition is expected during the melting of the samples.

ISOPROPANOL

Thermal Conductivity

 

Thermal Diffusivity

 

Volumetric Specific Heat